BOTH, NEITHER, EITHER

BOTH, NEITHER AND EITHER

BOTH: it refers to two things or people. It has a positive meaning and it takes the verb in plural. 

                  Ex: These are both my books. Both books are mine
Ex: Both cars are in the garage. 
Ex: Both James and Sarah are in the school. 

NEITHER: not one and not the other. It refers to two things or people. It has a negative meaning and it takes the verb in singular.  

Ex: Neither of those books are mine (Not the blue one, not the red one)
Ex: Neither of the cars are in the garaje 
Ex: Neither James nor Sarah are at home. 

EITHER: one or the other. It refers to one thing where there are two possibilities. It has positive and negative meaning and it takes the verb in singular.
Ex: What do you prefere, English or Science? I like either
Ex: I would like to eat either chinesse or japanese food. 

WATCH ME!

LET'S PRACTISE

1. http://www.confusing-words.com/?toload=inner.Body_ConfusingWords&id=6910&BereichID=134&title=+%3Ca+href%3D%3F%3EConfusing+Words%3C%2Fa%3E+%3E+&title2=both%2C+either%2C+neither
2. http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-4826.php
3. http://www.grammarbank.com/both-and-neither.html
4. http://www.examenglish.com/grammar/b1_both_either_neither.ht
5. http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/neither-either-both-exercises.html

Inés from 6ºC has done this fantastic table to explain the differences between BOTH, EITHER AND NEITHER. I'm sure it will be uselful to all of you. 

MIGHT, MUST, CAN'T

MIGHT, MUST AND CAN'T

MIGHT: We use might to talk about possibilities, things that are probable. 50% YES, 50% NOT
MUST: We use must to talk about things that we are pretty sure about, that we normally have evidences that they are true. DEFINITELY YES
CAN'T: We use can't to talk about things that we are sure they are not true, we have evidences that they are false. DEFINITELY NOT

1. http://www.tinyteflteacher.co.uk/learning-english/grammar/exercises/modal-verbs-deduction.html
2. http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/intermediate/intermediate-grammar-exercise-modal-verbs-for-present-probability-must-cant-could-may-might
3. https://elt.oup.com/student/englishfile/intermediate/a_grammar/file03/nef_int_grammar03_b02?cc=us&selLanguage=en
4. http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3919
5. http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=7521

REPORTED SPEECH. Extra exercises

QUESTIONS IN THE REPORTED SPEECH

Here you have some questions in direct speech and the same questions in the reported speech. Remember that normally you need to write: 

Pronoun asked me + question word + pronoun + verb in reported speech 

When are you coming to my party? ------------He asked me when I was going to his party

Why do you dance on the table? --------------- She asked me why I danced on the table 

Try to practise at home. You can print it or you can ask someone to ask you the sentences. 

REPORTED SPEECH

Here you have some other exercises to do to practise the reported speech. Click on them and print them at home. You can give to the teacher when you have completed them. 

CLICK HERE!

PRESENT PERFECT QUESTIONS

PRESENT PERFECT QUESTIONS

Here you have some exercises about the present perfect. You need to do them if you want to get extra points. Do them in your notebooks or in the computer and print the answers.

Present Perfect Simple Questions 

Make ‘yes / no’ present perfect questions:

1. (They / go / to the USA?) _______________________________________________________________
2. (You / read / ‘War and Peace’?) _______________________________________________________________
3. (She / be / late for a meeting?) _______________________________________________________________
4. (He / meet / your family yet?) _______________________________________________________________
5. (They / live / here as long as we have?) _______________________________________________________________
6. (You / go / to Australia?) _______________________________________________________________
7. (She / miss / the bus?) _______________________________________________________________
8. (I / meet / you before?) _______________________________________________________________
9. (They / take / the exam?) _______________________________________________________________
10. (She / work / in this company for fifteen years?) _______________________________________________________________

REPORTED SPEECH: Commands and questions

REPORTED SPEECH: COMMANDS 

LET'S PRACTISE!

1. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/commands.htm
2. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?08
3. http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/multi/repspee.htm
4. http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=5381
5. https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/reported-speech-quiz.htm

REPORTED SPEECH: QUESTIONS

• Direct Speech → Susan: “Does Mary work in an office?”
• Reported Speech → Susan asked if/whether Mary worked in an office.

LET'S PRACTISE!

1. http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/question-forms-and-reported-speech/
2. http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/pt-br/grammar-reference/reported-questions
3. http://tx.english-ch.com/teacher/julia/others/changing-direct-to-indirect-speech/
4. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/questions.htm

REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

In reported speech we usually report what was said at a different time, and so we change the tense to reflect the time which we are reporting. We normally "shift back" one tense.

• Direct speech: "I'm not playing football.
• Reported speech: "He said that he wasn't playing football."

Sometimes we need to change the pronoun.

• Direct speech: Jane: "I don't like living here." (Jane is referring to herself)
• Reported speech: Jane said (that) she didn't like living here. (The pronoun she refers to Jane)

We may also need to change other words about place and time.

• Direct speech: "I like this car." 
• Reported speech: He said (that) he liked that car.
• Direct speech: "I went to Tokyo last week."
• Reported speech: She said (that) she'd been to Tokyo the week before.

LET'S PRACTICE!

1. http://www.englishw.com/ReportedSpeechWheelSpin.php
2. https://jeopardylabs.com/play/reported-speech-game2
3. http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3765
4. http://kico4u.de/english/uebungen/reportedspeech/report1.htm
5. http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/ar/grammar-exercises/reported-speech-1
6. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?04
7. http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/102.html
8. http://www.passporttoenglish.com/Advanced-English/Lesson11/Game.html
9. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises
10. http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-72035.php
11. http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3765

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without 
saying exactly who or what they are. We use pronouns ending in 
-body or -one for people, and pronouns ending in -thing for things.

somebody	someone	something
anybody	anyone	anything
nobody	no one	nothing
everybody	everyone	everything

LETS PRACTICE!

1. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/pronouns/indefinite-pronouns
2. https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_08_022e?cc=global&selLanguage=en
3. http://www.quia.com/ba/490436.html?AP_rand=524494428
4. http://www.kubbu.com/student/?i=1&a=38049_indefinite_pronouns
5. http://www.eslpuzzles.com/Grammar%20Games/Pronoun%20Games/Indefinite%20Pronouns%20Match%20Up%20Game.html
6. https://www.superteachertools.net/jeopardyx/jeopardy-review-game-from-com.php?gamefile=http://www.superteachertools.com/jeopardy/usergames/Feb201006/jeopardy1265893440.txt#.VLd-Bfl5OS8

USED TO

USED TO / DIDN'T USE TO

We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer
happens. To form this you use 'USED TO + INFINITIVE'. We also use it for something that was true but no longer is.

Examples:

• I used to play a lot of computer games but I stopped playing them two years ago.
• I used to write a lot, but now I use the computer.
• There used to be a computer shop in the town but now there isn't

The negative form of 'used to' used to is 'didn't use to'

Example : I didn't use to do my homework.

 

The interrogative form of 'used to' is : Did / Sujet / 'use to' / verbal base 

Example : Did you use to live in London?

LET'S PRACTICE

1. https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions1stedition/int_unit_page/unit2/grammar/exercise2?cc=cz&selLanguage=cs
2. http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1230
3. http://www.englishgrammar.org/exercise-8/
4. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/grammar-reference/past-habit-used-towouldpast-simple

GIVING ADVICE

ASKING FOR AND GIVING ADVICE

ASKING FOR ADVICE

• What do you think I should do (about…)?
• What should I do (about…)?
• What would you do (about…)?
• What would you suggest (I do) (I should do about…)?
• Can/Could you give me some advice (about…)

GIVING ADVICE

• I think you should ...
• Why don't you ...?
• If I were you, I would ...
• Maybe you should ...
• I suggest you ...
•  How about (verb+ing....)?
• You might try (verb+ing...)
• I would advise you to ...
• My advice would be to ...
• It might be a good idea to ... 

LET'S PRACTICE!

1. http://www.teach-this.com/images/resources/asking-for-and-giving-advice.pdf
2. http://www.eslkidsworld.com/worksheets/advice%20worksheets/Giving%20advice%20with%20modals%20worksheet.pdf
3. http://www.eclecticenglish.com/grammar/Should1A.html
4. https://www.englishclub.com/esl-games/grammar/jumbled-present-should-advice-1.htm
5. https://elt.oup.com/student/project3rdedition/level3/unit6/grammar/exercise1?cc=global&selLanguage=en

FIRST CONDITIONAL

FIRST CONDITIONAL

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. We can't know what will happen in the future, but it describes possible things, which could come true.

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL + INFINITIVE

• If it rains, I won't go to the park.
• If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
• She'll be late if the train is delayed.
• She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
• If I see her, I'll tell her.

LET'S WATCH IT!

LET'S PLAY!

1. http://eslkidsworld.com/Interactive%20games/Grammar%20Games/Conditionals/first%20conditional%20matching%20quiz.html
2. http://eslgamesworld.com/members/games/ClassroomGames/Billionaire/Conditionals%20Billionaire%20Game/index.html
3. http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/grammar-firstconditional1.html
4. http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/first-conditional-exercise-1.html
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlK-xFF6mLg
6. http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/tests/1stconditional.html

I WISH

I WISH...

We use wish + past simple to express that we want a situation in the present (or future) to be different.

• I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian)
• I wish I had a big car (I don't have a big car)
• I wish I was on a beach. (I'm in the office)
• I wish it was the weekend tomorrow.  (It's only Thursday tomorrow)

LET'S PRACTICE!

1. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/grammar-reference/wish-and-if-only
2. http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4294
3. http://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/es/grammar-games/past-simple-verb-be
4. http://www.tinyteflteacher.co.uk/learning-english/grammar/exercises/wish.html
5. https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_08_022e?cc=global&selLanguage=en
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4cqbRZrnJU

LET'S LISTEN TO MUSIC

Listen to these children talking about their wishes. What are yours?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DrqKXKa-VFM

PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

Pronoun + have/has + verb participle 

• I have eaten a sandwich
• You have played a tennis match
• She has broken her leg
• 
  

REMEMBER

The past participle is the regular verb + ed or the third column of the irregular verbs. 

List of irregular verbs 

https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=AE25BDD905509DA3%21301

Games to practise the irregular verbs : 

• http://www.engames.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Past_participle_game_half-a-minute.swf
• http://www.engames.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Past_participle_invaders-game.swf

You can use the present perfect with adverbs such as: already, just or yet. 

I have already done my homework (With positive sentences, between have/has and the past participle)

She hasn't been to New York yet (With negative sentences, at the end)

We have just seen her. (With positive sentences, between have/has and the past participle)

Two videos that will help you understand what is the present perfect and how is it formed. 

To have more information and to play games click on the following links

1. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple
2. http://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-games/present-perfect-experiences
3. http://www.eslgamesplus.com/present-perfect-vs-past-tenses-rally/
4. http://www.eslgamesworld.com/members/games/grammar/perfectpast/spin%20wheel%20present%20past%20tenses.html
5. http://www.marks-english-school.com/games/g_presperf.html
6. http://www.eslgamesworld.com/members/games/grammar/perfectpast/New/present%20perfect%20continuous.html
7. http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-exercise-4.html
8. http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3365

SECOND CONDITIONAL (If/would)

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL

The Second Conditional is used to talk about "impossible situations"

IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULD + PRESENT SIMPLE

                    

• If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.
• It would be a much better place if there were no hungry people in this world, 
• If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease
• If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.

Note that after I/he/she/it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'

• If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.
• If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day.

Useful links with exercises to practice:

1. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/grammar-reference/conditionals-1
2. http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/secondconditional/exercise1.html
3. http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/secondconditional/exercise2.html
4. http://eslkidsworld.com/Interactive%20games/Grammar%20Games/Conditionals/second%20conditional%20matching%20quiz.html
5. http://eslgamesworld.com/members/games/grammar/fling%20the%20teacher/conditionals/conditionals%20practice.html